II КУРС

ГРУППА ВРЕМЕН CONTINUOUS - Страдательный Залог

Общая таблица. Правило пассивного залога в английском языке

Время	Схема пассивного залога	Пример
Present Simple	am/ is/ are done	The articles are written every day.
Past Simple	was/ were done	The article was written the other day.
Future Simple	will be done	The article will be written next Monday.
Present Continuous	am/ is/ are being done	The article is still being written.
Past Continuous	was/ were being done	The article was being written yesterday all day long.

Present Continuous Passive образуется из двух компонентов: Continuous и Passive. Пассивный залог Present Continuous имеет значение, которое можно сформулировать так: подвергаться какому-то продолженному действию, например:

These patients are being treated more effectively — Этих пациентов лечат более эффективно.

These patients are not being treated more effectively — Этих пациентов не лечат более эффективно

Are these patients being treated more effectively? — Этих пациентов лечат более эффективно?

схема:

Subject + am/is/are + Verb ing-form + Object
Подлежащее + am/is/are + Глагол ing-формы + Дополнение

Далее заменим смысловой глагол следующей синтаксической конструкцией:

to be + V III form

Мы должны вспомогательный глагол to be заменить ing-формой (being), а смысловой глагол записать в третьей форме (для неправильных глаголов) или в ed-форме (для правильных). Так же, подлежащее и дополнение меняются местами, т.к. в пассивном залоге меняется направление воздействия с субъекта на объект:

Subject + am/is/are being + Verb III form + [by Object]
Подлежащее + am/is/are being + Гл. III формы + [by Объект]

Вопросительная форма:

Am/Is/Are + Subject + being + Verb III form + [by Object]?
Am/Is/Are + Подлежащее + being + Гл. III ф. + [by Объект]?

Отрицательная форма:

Subject + am/is/are + not + being + Verb III form + [by Object]
Подлежащее + am/is/are + not + being + Гл. III + [by Объект]

Примеры предложений:

Active voice	Passive voice
Утвердительная форма
I’m closing the door now. Я закрываю дверь сейчас.	The door is being closed now. Дверь сейчас закрывается.
He is repairing the watches now. Он ремонтирует часы сейчас.	The watches are being repaired now. Часы сейчас ремонтируются.
We are discussing the new contract. Мы обсуждаем новый контракт.	The new contract is being discussed. Новый контракт обсуждается.
The workers are building the highest tower. Рабочие строят самую высокую башню.	The highest tower is being built. Строится самая высокая башня.
Вопросительная форма
Are you watching TV? Ты смотришь телевизор?	TV is being watched? Телевизор смотрят?
Is she cooking the cakes? Она готовит кексы?	Are the cakes being cooked? Кексы готовят?
Отрицательная форма
I’m not washing the floor now. Я не мою пол сейчас.	The floor is not washed now. Пол сейчас не моют.
We are not using cheats. Мы не используем коды.	Cheats are not being used. Коды не используются.

Past Continuous Passive

пассивный залог в прошедшем продолженном времени

Кроме времени и аспекта, у глаголов в английском может быть еще залог — активный или пассивный. По-английски это называется Voice — Active или Passive .

Пассивный залог используется тогда, когда желательно убрать смысловой акцент с действующего лица и перенести его на объект действия.

Схема:

Object + was/were + being + V3 + subject

Иногда необходимость ставить два глагола to be подряд может сбивать с толку. Тут важно понимать, что was/were обозначает время (прошедшее), а being - аспект (протяженность действия - длительность - Continuous). Для себя можно переводить слово was как «был», а being — как фразу «в течение какого-то времени»:

The flowers were being watered by my neighbour.

Цветы поливались моей соседкой. (Или «цветы были поливаемы соседкой в течение какого-то времени»).

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Continuous Passive.

1. The letter ______________ (write) now.

2. The oranges _________________ (buy) now.

3. Sandwiches ___________________ (make) now.

4. The newspaper ________________ (not/read) at the moment.

5. The song _________________ (not/sing) now.

6. ______the candles ________________________ (light) now?

7. What lecture ____________________ (give) now?

8. Whose report ________________________ (listen) to at the moment?

9. ______ the news ____________________ (report) at the moment?

10. _______the interview________________________ (give) now?

2. Complete the answers to the questions using the Past Continuous Passive.

1. Did she return you the CD yesterday? – No, it __________________________ (listen) to.

2. Why didn’t you put that black shirt on? – It ____________________________ (wash).

3. Why didn’t he hear the doorbell? – The carpet ___________________________ (vacuum).

4. Did the teacher check your test yesterday? – No, it _________________________ (check).

5. Did they find a solution to that problem? – No, it ___________________________ (discuss).

6. Why didn’t you try the cake? – It ______________________________________ (bake).

7. Could he take the documents yesterday? – No, they_____________________________ (type).

3. Translate into English.

1. Этим компьютером сейчас не пользуются.

2. Комнату сейчас убирают.

3. Доклад вчера слушали полчаса.

4. Ваш костюм вчера гладили 20 минут.

5. Ждут его?

6. Красили Вашу комнату долго вчера?

7. Обед готовят.

8. Пишут приглашения сейчас?

9. Мою машину вчера ремонтировали целый день.

10. Её сейчас спрашивают.

 PASSIVE VOICE

ПАССИВНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

Что такое залог 

Глаголы в английском языке обладают такой грамматической категорией, как залог. Залог глагола в английском языке нужен для того, чтобы показать отношение к действию. Есть два варианта:

Человек или предмет совершает действие сам. То есть конкретное лицо производит действие над объектом. В таком случае это называется активный залог (active voice) или действительный:

• Я сломал свою машину. – I broke my car

На первый план выходит не действующее лицо, а объект. И действие совершается непосредственно над объектом. То есть сам объект действие не совершает, а подвергается влиянию извне (причем объектом в предложении может быть и человек, и предмет). Такое явление носит название пассивный залог (passive voice) или страдательный.

• Машина была сломана. – The car was broken

Время	Использование	Формула образования	Пример
Present Simple	Действие, которое происходит регулярно.	is/am/are + V3	The kitchen is cleaned every day. - Кухню убирают каждый день.
Past Simple	Действие, совершенное в прошлом.	was/were + V3	The kitchen was cleaned yesterday. - Кухню убрали вчера.
Future Simple	Действие, которое может произойти в будущем.	will be + V3	The kitchen will be cleaned tomorrow. - Кухню уберут завтра.

Упражнение 1. Выберите правильный вариант и переведите на русский язык.

1. The news programme ( is watched / watched ) by millions of people every day.
2. The Mona Lisa ( painted / was painted ) by Leonardo da Vinci.
3. The new cinema ( be built / will be built ) next year.
4. New pop groups ( are much spoken / is much spoken ) about among teenagers.
5. Alexander Pushkin’s first poem ( was written / written ) when he was fourteen.
6. The letters (be sent / will be sent ) by post tomorrow.
7. The translation (was finished / were finished ) two hours ago.
8.  London ( visited / is visited ) by hundreds of tourists every year.
9. The dinner ( be / will be ) ready in an hour (через час).
10. The dogs (were taken out/ was taken out) three times yesterday.

* * *

Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.

1. Tom always (to ask) at the lessons.
2. I (to ask) at the last lesson.
3. Our country house (to finish) next year.
4. The dog (to find) by my sister yesterday.
5.  This work (to do) tomorrow.
6. This text (to translate) at the last lesson.
7. These trees (to plant) every autumn.
8. Many interesting games always (to play) at our P.E. lessons.
9. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow.
10. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday.

* * *

Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующуюся форму глагола.

1. At the station they will (meet, be met) by a man from the travel agency. 2. She will (meet, be met) them in the hall upstairs. 3. The porter will (bring, be brought) your luggage to your room. 4. Your luggage will (bring, be brought) up in the lift. 5. You may (leave, be left) your hat and coat in the cloakroom downstairs. 6. They can (leave, be left) the key with the clerk downstairs. 7. From the station they will (take, be taken) straight to the hotel. 8. Tomorrow he will (take, be taken) them to the Russian Museum.

* * *

Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple. Используйте Активный и Пассивный залог.

1.  The house ____________(to build) in 2025.
2. The boy _________ (not to hear) the news yet.
3. The Brooks ___________(to become) famous last year.
4. Money _____________(to keep) in a bank.
5. The parcel __________(to send) yesterday.
6. I would like ________________(to know) English very well.
7. Where _________the road _______(to lead) to?
8. Look! The leaves _______________(to fall).
9. All the money ___________(to spend) on clothes last week.
10. Where is the pie? Who _________(to eat) it?

* * *

Упражнение 5. Переведите на английский язык

1.  Детей наказывают…. —  Детей наказали… —  Детей накажут…. (punish)
2. Хлеб едят… — Хлеб съели…  — Хлеб съедят…
3. Розы выращивают… — Розы вырастили…  — Розы вырастят… (grow)
4. Картину рисуют… — Картину нарисовали… — Картину нарисуют… (paint)
5. Обо мне говорят. — Обо мне говорили. — Обо мне будут говорить. (talk about)
6. О нас забывают — О нас забыли…. — О нас забудут… (forget)

* * *

В пассивном залоге в английском предложении предлог ставится в конец.

ПРИМЕР. За доктором послали. — The doctor was sent for.

Упражнение 6. Переделайте предложения из активного залога в пассивный.

ОБРАЗЕЦ. We learn English. — English is learnt (by us).

1. The teacher sent Peter home.-
2. They told me about the accident. —
3. We will find our pets. —
4. Next year we will learn French. —
5. The teacher asked her a question. —
6. I take my dog out every day. —

 

2 курс

 

2 курс

THE UK SYSTEM OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT

TEXT The System of Government of the United Kingdom

Vocabulary

1. to run a country – управлять страной

2. to raise finance – обеспечивать финансирование, привлекать средства

3. statutory law – право, выраженное в законах, статутное право, писаный закон

4. common law – общее право, неписаный закон, обязательность которого основывается на всеобщем признании

5. universal suffrage – всеобщее избирательное право

6. parliamentary constituency – избирательный округ по выборам в парламент

7. the Royal Proclamation – официальное сообщение по общему вопросу

8. to alter the constitution – изменить конституцию

9. an absolute monarchy – абсолютная/неограниченная монархия

10. revision – пересмотр

11. to remain responsible to smb – оставаться ответственным перед кем-то

1. Просмотрите текст и озаглавьте каждый абзац, используя следующие заголовки. UK Government. General Elections. Introduction. Cabinet Government. Judiciary. Parties. Parliament.

The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. The constitution is uncodified, being made up of constitutional conventions and various elements of statutory law. The Monarch is Head of State and the Prime Minister is the head of Government. The Sovereign formally appoints the Prime Minister, who, by convention, is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons. Other ministers are appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister. They make up the Government and act as political heads of the various Government Departments. The UK has a cabinet Government. They meet weekly to run the country, while the British Parliament is in session. The UK Cabinet has collective responsibility for decision-making. no Cabinet minister can oppose it. Although the executive power is exercised by Her Majesty’s Government, all the ministers remain responsible to the UK Parliament.

The UK Parliament is the United Kingdom’s supreme legislative body. The main function of Parliament is to pass laws and raise finance through taxation. It consists of the Queen and the two chambers of Parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is a representative body consisting of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) elected by a system of universal suffrage. The House of Lords is not elected. It is not allowed to amend in any way certain bills passed by the House of Commons and has limited powers of revision or delay over others.

Great Britain has a long judicial history. The judiciary is an independent body. The United Kingdom doesn’t have a single unified judicial system. Today the UK has three distinct systems of law: English law, Northern Ireland law and Law of Scotland. Both English law, which applies in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland law are based on common-law principles. The essence of common law is that law is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent to the facts before them.

Law of Scotland, a hybrid system based on both common-law and civil-law principles, is applied in Scotland. For electoral purposes Britain is divided into parliamentary constituencies. General elections must be called within five years. They are held following a dissolution of Parliament. The Prime Minister asks the Monarch to dissolve Parliament by Royal Proclamation. Traditionally the date of general elections is not fixed in advance, and the time is chosen by the governing party to maximize political advantages. Voting is by secret ballot and takes place on Polling Day. Since 1935 every general election has been held on a Thursday by universal suffrage. The voters in the United Kingdom also elect members of the European Parliament on a broadly proportional system of voting.

The UK is sometimes called a “two-and-a-half” party system, because parliamentary politics is dominated by the Labour Party and Conservative Party, with the Liberal Democrats holding a significant number of seats (but still less than Labour and the Conservatives) and several small parties. The party in power requires the support of the people it governs. Without this most basic requirement, a government will find it hard to function effectively. If a party loses an election, it will confirm the right of the victorious party to exercise power. It will not deny its right to govern.

2. Прочитайте текст и закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. The constitution of the United Kingdom is made up of … .

2. The Executive power is exercised by … .

3. The United Kingdom’s supreme legislative body is … .

4. The United Kingdom doesn’t have a single unified judicial system … .

5. The essence of common law is … .

6. For electoral purposes Britain is divided into … .

7. General elections take place on … .

8. The UK is a multi-party system and it is sometimes called a two-and-a-half party system … .

3. Выразите согласие/несогласие, используя следующие речевые модели.

Model:

 a) I quite/completely/fully/entirely agree, that’s right.

b) I disagree, I can’t agree, I don’t think so, it’s wrong/false, on the contrary. 1. The United Kingdom is both a constitutional monarchy and a democracy.

2. The British Constitution is written. It is set out in an official handbook which anyone can buy and study.

3. Though the Monarch is Head of State but in practice the Queen reigns, she doesn’t rule.

4. The Queen, the Lords and the Commons form the Parliament. It means that they all act together.

5. The House of Lords is a very powerful body.

6. The House of Commons is directly elected by the people of Britain and general elections must take place at least every five years.

 7. The UK exists under a “one-party system” because parliamentary politics is dominated by the Conservative Party only.

4. Укажите, какие предложения содержат информацию из текста.

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy.

2. The Queen stands outside the Government as a symbol of country’s unity.

3. The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister who is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons.

4. The Prime Minister is the Queen’s chief adviser and his opinions shape the whole of Government policy.

5. Although the executive power is exercised by Her Majesty’s Government, all the ministers remain responsible to the UK Parliament.

6. The UK doesn’t have a single unified system. Today the UK has three distinct systems of law.

7. According to the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 the House of Lords was replaced as the final court of appeal on civil cases within the United Kingdom on October 1, 2009, by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

8. General elections are held following dissolution of Parliament. The Prime Minister asks the Monarch to dissolve Parliament by Royal Proclamation.

9. Britain has a two-party system. Each of the parties represented in the House of Commons maintains its own organization within Parliament in order to keep its members informed about parliamentary business and to maintain its parliamentary voting strength.

10. If a party loses an election, it will confirm the right of the victorious party to exercise power.

5. Ответьте на одиннадцать “What” вопросов по содержанию текста .

1. What is the United Kingdom?

2. In what way is the British Constitution different from the constitutions of many other countries?

3. What makes up the Government?

4. What is the role of the UK Cabinet Government?

5. What kind of body is the UK Parliament?

6. What two main duties does the Parliament perform?

7. What does the UK Parliament consist of?

8. What is the judiciary?

9. What systems of law does the UK have?

10. What is Britain divided into for electoral purposes?

11. What parties is parliamentary policies dominated by?

6. Соотнесите словосочетания  с их определениями.

1) constitutional convention

2) to run a country

3) statutory law

4) common law

5) universal suffrage

6) the Royal Proclamation

a) a public or official announcement dealing with a matter of great importance, having the status of a king or queen

b) the right of almost all adults to vote in political elections

c) the part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent

d) to rule a country e) an informal and unmodified procedural agreement

f) a group of voters in a specified area who elect a representative to a legislative body  

7) parliamentary constituency 

g) a law established by legislative enactment

7. Передайте содержание текста “The system of Government of the United Kingdom”, отметив следующее.

 – What the United Kingdom is;

– Who is Head of State and the head of Government;

– Who exercises the executive power;

– What the United Kingdom’s supreme legislative body is;

– What the judiciary is;

– When general elections are held;

– Why the UK is sometimes called a “two-and-a-half” party system.

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ II КУРСА ПД

 Political system of the USA

Просмотрите видео для лучшего понимания темы урока:

ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СИСТЕМА США

 II курс ПД

Задание:

Прочитать текст, перевести.

Выполнить упражнения к тексту 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 письменно.

Выписать незнакомые слова в тетрадь с переводом и выучить.