I курс задание на 7 апреля 2020
1. Выполните упражнения 7 a, b и упр. 8 письменно фото на почту
2. В учебнике (автор Куценко). Работа с текстом.
3. Выполните упражнения 4,5 после текста (фото на почту)
US CONSTITUTION
The form of the US government is based on the Constitution of 1787, adopted after the War of Independence. A “constitution” in American political language means the set of rules, laws, regulations and customs which together provide the political norms or standards regulating the work of the government. The document known as the Constitution of the United States, though a basic document, is only a part of the body of rules and customs which form the whole of the American Constitution. Supreme Court decisions, interpreting parts of the US Constitution, law
regulations, customs arc part of the basic law (the so-called live constitution). Most historians regard the US Constitution as an essentially conservative document. The US Constitution consists of the Preamble, seven articles and twenty seven amendments, the first ten of them called collectively the Bill of Rights and adopted under the popular pressure in 1791. When the Constitution was first proposed in 1787, there was widespread dissatisfaction bcausc it didn’t contain guarantees of certain basic freedoms and individual rights. The Constitution consolidated those gains o f the revolution that were advantageous for the capitalist class. Significantly, nothing was said about the elementary bourgeois democratic freedoms.
In December 1791, the Congress adopted ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights. The Bill enumerated what the government controlled by the oligarchy was not going to be allowed to do. It was, of course, an important democratic gain for the people at that time. But nowadays some of these ten amendments are relatively unimportant.
The Bill of Rights is sometimes violated by the judicial and law enforcement practice.
Americans feel that of all the freedoms proclaimed in the Constitution only one freedom - freedom of enterprise is in fact guaranteed.
If there is no freedom to work, no guaranteed labour, you face unemployment and poverty. The main freedoms after all a man needs are a life of security, a guaranteed income and guaranteed health care.
Notes:
“live constitution” — «живая конституция»
what the government controlled by the oligarchy was not going to be allowed
to do. ...что правительству, которое контролировалось олигархией, не разрешалось делать.
Ex.3 Переписать и перевести на русский язык (фото на почту)
1. A “constitution” meaning in American political language the set of rules, laws, regulations and customs provides the practical norms and standards regulating the work of the government.
2. The US Constitution consisting of the preamble, seven articles and twenty seven amendments was adopted in 1787.
3. Being made up by the privileged class the US Constitution of 1787 didn’t contain bourgeois democratic freedoms.
4. Having been proposed first in 1787 the Constitution faced widespread dissatisfaction bccausc it did not contain guarantees of certain basic freedoms and individual rights.
5. Having no guaranteed labor, guaranteed incomc and health care the working man is guaranteed inequality.
6. Being aimed at preserving the advantageous position of the ruling class the US Constitution of 1787 said nothing about the elementary democratic freedoms when it was first proposed.
Действительный залог (Active Voice)
В действительном залоге подлежащее обозначает исполнителя действия, лицо или предмет, выполняющие описываемое действие, а тот, на кого направлено действие, т.н. "получатель действия" в предложении является дополнением.
Большинство предложений имеют действительный залог. Предложения действительного залога в английском языке образуются следующим образом: исполнитель действия + I форма глагола + получатель действия
Например:
The professor teaches the students. John washes the dishes.
Профессор преподает студентам. Джон моет посуду.
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
В страдательном залоге подлежащим является лицо или предмет, подвергающиеся воздействию со стороны другого лица или предмета. Другими словами, исполнитель и получатель действия меняются местами, хотя исполнитель действия может и не указываться.
Предложения страдательного залога в английском языке образуются следующим образом:
получатель действия + be + причастие прошедшего времени
Например:
The students are taught. The dishes are washed.
Студентам преподают. Посуду моют.
Страдательный залог употребляется:
1. Главным образом в тех случаях, когда исполнитель действия не упоминается в предложении; он либо неизвестен, либо говорящий не считает нужным сообщить о нем.
Например:
Is English spoken in many countries? That book was written a few years ago.
На английском говорят во многих странах? Эта книга была написана несколько лет назад.
2. Когда исполнитель действия, хотя и упоминается в предложении, но не стоит в центре внимания говорящего; существительное или местоимение, выражающее данное исполнителя действия, вводится предлогом by. Обратите внимание, что в действительном залоге исполнитель действия являлся подлежащим, в страдательном же залоге он становится дополнением.
Например:
The students are taught by the professor. The dishes are washed by John.
Студентам преподает профессор. Посуду моет Джон.
Также в предложении страдательного залога может употребляться другое дополнение, присоединяемое предлогом with, и описывающее, посредством чего совершается действие, например:
The dishes are washed with a bar of soap. Посуда моется куском мыла.
В английском языке сфера употребления глаголов в страдательном залоге значительно шире, чем в русском. Так, любой глагол, принимающий прямое или косвенное дополнение, может употребляться в страдательном залоге.
Например:
I gave him a book. (Я дал ему книгу.)
A book was given to him. (Книга была отдана ему.) = He was given a book. (Ему была дана книга.)
They showed me a beautiful picture. (Они показали мне красивую картину.)
A beautiful picture was shown to me. (Красивая картина была показана мне.) = I was shown a beautiful picture. (Мне была показана красивая картина.)
В английском языке в страдательном залоге могут употребляться глаголы, принимающие предложное дополнение (например: to attend to, to send for, и др.). Предложенное дополнение используется в качестве подлежащего страдательного оборота, а предлог стоит непосредственно после глагола.
Например:
She went after him. – He was gone after.
Она пошла за ним. – За ним пошли.
Ex. 4 Используйте Пассивный залог вместо Активного. переведите предложения на русский язык(фото на почту)
образец:
In December 1791, the Congress adopted ten amendments to the Constitution. (активный залог)Ten amendments to the Constitution were adopted by the Congress in December, 1791.(пассивный залог)
1. They said nothing about the elementary bourgeois democratic freedoms in the Constitution of 1787.
2. The Constitution of 1787 bases the form of the US government.
3. The judicial and law-enforcement practice sometimes violate the Bill of Rights.
4. They proposed the Constitution first in 1787.
5. Most historians regard the US Constitution as an essentially conservative document.
6. The privileged class made the Constitution for themselves.
7. The ruling class aimed their constitution at preserving their interests.
Ex. 5 Найдите и выпишите русские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
1. свод законов, правил, постановлений и обычаев;
2. считать конституцию США, по существу, консервативным документом;
3. документ, принятый в 1787 году и дополненный поправками; принять конституцию (закон);
4. широко распространенное недовольство;
5. элементарные буржуазно-демократические свободы;
6. нарушать Билль о правах;
7. свобода предпринимательства;
8. сталкиваться с безработицей и бедностью;
9. гарантированный заработок;
10. гарантированная охрана здоровья.
Ex 6. Напишите какое из утверждений верное, а какое нет используйте следующий фразы
I quite agree with it ....(я согласен(-на))
I don’t agree with it ....(я не согласен(-на)
1. The form of the US government is based on the Constitution of 1787, adopted after the War of Independence.
2. The Bill of Rights is often violated in the USA.
3. The US Constitution is regarded as a democratic document by most historians.
4. The privileged class made the Constitution for the working people in 1787.
5. A life of security, health care, income are guaranteed for all the people in America by the Constitution of the USA.
6. The US Constitution was adopted in 1787 and then was added by amendments.
7. The US Constitution consists of the Preamble, seven articles and twentyseven amendments.
8. The people in America were not satisfied with the Constitution of 1787 bccausc it didn’t guarantee certain basic freedoms and individual rights.
Ex. 7 Заполните пропуски согласно тексту, переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.
1. A “constitution” in American political language means ... which provide the political norms regulating the work of the government.
2. Lobbyists in the USA are very often more ... than the Congressmen themselves.
3. The US Constitution consists of . . .
4. When the Constitution was first proposed in 1787, it didn’t contain guarantees of certain basic freedoms and individual rights, so there was ...
5. The Bill of Rights is sometimes ... the judicial and law-enforcement practice.
6. You ... if there is no guaranteed labor.
7. A man needs the main freedoms that is guaranteed ....
Ex. 8. Ответьте на вопросы (письменно)
1. What docs a “constitution” in American political language mean?
2. What is the US Constitution aimed at? Why?
3. What docs the US Constitution consist of?
4. Why was there widespread dissatisfaction among the people when the Constitution was first proposed in 1787?
5. What did this dissatisfaction among the people lead to (result in)?
6. Was the adoption of the Bill of Rights an important democratic gain at that time?
7. What are the main freedoms a man needs?
The Constitution lists some key rights. Rights are things that all people have just because they are alive. By listing the rights, they are made special. They are made safe. The Bill of Rights is a part of the Constitution. The Bill of Rights lists many rights of the people.
In 1787, a group of men met to write the Constitution. They did not like the way the country was going. They fixed it by creating the Constitution. We call these men The Framers.
Some of the framers are very famous. George Washington was a Framer. So was Ben Franklin.
The Framers met in Independence Hall during a hot summer in Philadelphia. They had a lot of arguments. In the end, they agreed to the words in the Constitution. They knew they had to agree. If they did not agree, the fighting would keep going.
Promises were made to add a bill of rights. After the Constitution passed, the Bill of Rights was added. The Bill of Rights is the first ten changes to the Constitution.
The Bill of Rights is very important. It protects important ideas. It protects your right to say what you want. It lets you think for yourself. It keeps the laws from being too hard. It gives rules for the police.
It lets you believe in God if you want. No one can tell you not to believe. It lets you gather with your friends to talk. It makes sure you can read newspapers.
The Bill of Rights also protects your home. It helps keep Americans safe. Today, we are very happy the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution.
One part is the Congress. The Congress makes laws. The people elect the members of Congress.
The next part is the President. The President enforces the laws.
The last part is the Courts. The courts decide what the law means when there are questions.
All of the parts have to work together. Just like the Framers agreed on the Constitution, the parts have to agree on the laws. No part has too much power. The power is shared. This helps protect the people.
