ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ II КУРСА ПСО

The Constitution of the Russian Federation

1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is a constitution?

2. What basic principles are contained in a constitution?

3. Why is a constitution the supreme law of any country?

2. Прочитайте текст.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation is Russia’s supreme law, passed through a national vote. It contains the basic principles of the Russian constitutional system.

 The Constitution:

· defines the federative structure of the Russian Federation;

· establishes the principles of sovereignty and independence of the Russian Federation;

· defines the principle of separation of powers between legislative, executive and judicial branches;

· establishes equality of ideologies and religions;

· defines the Russian Federation as a secular state.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen, sets their priority when deciding any issues, and proclaims the principle of equality before law and court.

As for the federative structure, the Constitution contains the list of component units of the Russian Federation, covers the issues that are within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and those that are within the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities.

Separate articles are devoted to the bodies of federal power: the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the Russian Federation and also the judicial power of the Russian Federation. In these articles, the order and the terms of appointed and elected officials and the limits of their competence are defined according to the principle of separation of powers.

Under the Constitution adopted on December 12, 1993 at the all-Russia referendum, full authority in the Russian Federation belongs to the President and the bodies of the legislative (two chamber parliament – Federal Assembly), executive (Government of the Russian Federation) and the judicial authorities, which work independently. The President of the Russian Federation is the Head of the State; the duties of the President are listed, including his status of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The Constitution also contains the text of the oath taken by the President of the Russian Federation upon taking office. The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (the Federation Council and the State Duma) represents the legislature. The order of electing representatives for these chambers, their competence, terms of office are provided by the Constitution.

The Government of the Russian Federation is the executive branch. The Constitution determines the extent of its jurisdiction and also defines the order and the terms of office of government officials.

Judicial power is implemented by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and criminal legal proceedings. The Constitution establishes the principles of independence, irremovability and immunity of judges, thus providing for objectiveness and impartiality of the court. The system of courts of the Russian Federation consists of:

· the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;

· the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation;

· the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.

Separate articles are devoted to the Russian Federation Prosecutor’s Office with functions of supervision and control, and the procedure for adoption of Constitutional amendments. The Constitution regulates the issues of local self-government, including its authority and sphere of activity. Transitional and Final provisions regulating the promulgation of the Constitution and its enforcement are contained in Part 2 of the Constitution.

3. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания из текста. ( карточка 1)

1) to establish the principles of sovereignty and independence

2) to cover issues

3) to be devoted to the bodies of federal power

4) to define the federative structure

5) legislative authority

6) executive authority

7) judicial authority

8) to list duties

9) the Armed Forces

10) to represent the legislature

11) to determine the extent of the jurisdiction

12) immunity of judges

13) impartiality of the court

14) supervision and control

15) promulgation of the Constitution

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским словам и словосочетаниям.

1) установить принцип суверенитета

2) принцип разделения властей

3) установить равенство религиозных конфессий

4) светское государство

5) в ведении федеральных и местных властей

6) провозглашать принцип равенства перед законом

7) Федеральное Собрание

8) рамки полномочий

9) судебная власть

10) глава государства

11) порядок избрания представителей

12) установить принцип несменяемости судей

13) Прокуратура Российской Федерации

14) беспристрастность суда

15) процедура принятия поправок к Конституции

5. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What does the Constitution of the Russian Federation define and establish?

2. What provisions does the Constitution contain regarding the federative structure?

3. What are the bodies of federal power?

4. Who does the full authority in the Russian Federation belong to under the current Constitution?

5. What provisions concerning the legislature are provided by the Constitution?

6. What is the executive branch of power in the Russian Federation?
7. How is judicial power implemented in the Russian Federation? 
8. What principles of judicial power does the Constitution establish?

9. What does the system of courts consist of?

10. Does the Constitution regulate the activities of local self-government?

6. Подберите синонимы из правой колонки к словам в левой колонке.

1) fundamental                       a) impartial

2) power                                 b) period of time

3) independently                    c) be vested in

4) establish                            d) choose

5) duty                                   e) obligation

6) solemn promise                 f) basic

7) term                                   g) separately

8) elect                                   h) oath

9) objective                            i) set up

10) belong to                       j) authority

7. Подберите антонимы из правой колонки к словам в левой колонке.

1) separation        a) dependence

2) within              b) reject

3) sovereignty      c) unity

4) adopt                d) beyond

5) secular              e) religious

8. Закончите предложения согласно содержанию текста.

1. Constitution establishes …

a) the principles of independence and partial sovereignty of the RF.

b) equalities of ideologies but not religions.

c) the principle of separation of powers.

2. As for the federative structure, the Constitution …

a) covers the questions that are exclusively in the jurisdiction of the RF leaving out the competence of federal and local authorities.

b) contains the list of component units of the RF.

c) covers only those questions that are in the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities.

3. The bodies of federal power are…

a) the Federal Assembly of the RF and the judiciary of the RF.

b) the President of the RF and the Government of the RF.

c) all the bodies mentioned above in a) and b).

4. The Federal Assembly of the RF represents …

a) the legislature.

b) the judiciary.

c) the executive branch.

5. The Constitution determines …

a) the extent of the jurisdiction of the executive branch.

b) the order and the terms of office of the governmental officials.

c) both.

6. Judicial power is implemented by means of …

a) civil and criminal legal proceedings.

b) constitutional and administrative legal proceedings.

c) all the proceedings mentioned in a) and b).

ГРАММАТИКА

Present Perfect Continuous

Время Present Perfect Continuous на русский язык переводят как «настоящее совершенное длительное время». Не пугайтесь такого длинного названия. На самом деле разобраться с ним не так сложно, особенно, если вы уже хорошо освоили Present Perfect. Давайте начнем с образования Present Perfect Continuous, а затем перейдем к правилам и примерам.

Образование Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous образуется по следующей схеме:

Когда используется Present Perfect Continuous.

1. Употребляем Present Perfect Continuous для действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в настоящем. В таких предложениях мы акцентируем внимание на продолжительности действия. Обратите внимание на слова-маркеры Present Perfect Continuous: for (на протяжении, в течение), since (с какого-то времени), all morning/day/week (все утро / весь день / всю неделю), lately (в последнее время), recently (недавно, на днях).

   I have been looking through these articles for two hours but I still can’t find the information I need. — Я просматриваю эти статьи уже два часа, но все еще не могу найти информацию, которая мне нужна.
   We have been planning our trip since January. — Мы планируем нашу поездку с января.
   Try it! Julia has been baking this cake all moring. — Попробуй! Джулия пекла этот торт все утро

Примеры утвердительных предложений в Present Perfect Continuous:

It has been raining all day long. I’m sick and tired of this weather. — Дождь идет весь день. Меня достала эта погода.
Sorry, I am late. I’ve been looking for a parking spot. — Извините, я опоздал. Я искал место для парковки.
She’s been talking to her boss since morning. I believe she is in trouble. — Она разговаривает с боссом с самого утра. Похоже, у нее проблемы.

Примеры отрицательных предложений в Present Perfect Continuous:

Sorry, I haven’t been listening to you. Now I’m all ears. — Извини, я тебя не слушала. Теперь я вся во внимании.
He hasn’t been working all weekend. He is lying. — Он не работал все выходные. Он врет.
Things have not been going really well lately. — Дела идут не очень хорошо в последнее время.

Примеры вопросительных предложений в Present Perfect Continuous:

Your clothes are all dirty. What have you been doing? — Твоя одежда вся грязная. Что ты делал?
How long have you been dating him? — Как долго ты с ним встречаешься?
Has he been watching series all day? — Он что, смотрел сериалы весь день

Следующий случай использования Present Perfect Continuous — действие началось в прошлом, длилось какое-то время и только что или совсем недавно завершилось. В этом случае делаем акцент на результате действия, который связан с настоящим временем. Но длительность действия также является обязательным условием использования Present Perfect Continuous.

My feet are killing me because I have been walking in these terrible shoes. — У меня ужасно болят ноги, потому что я ходила в этих ужасных туфлях.
I’ve been waiting for you in the rain! Why are you always late? — Я ждала тебя под дождем! Почему ты постоянно опаздываешь

Present Perfect Continuous используется для построения вопросов с how long (как долго, сколько). Такие предложения на русский язык часто переводятся в настоящем времени.

How long have you been standing here? You didn’t have to wait for me. — Как долго ты здесь стоишь? Ты мог и не ждать меня.
How long has she been sleeping? It’s 11 a.m. already! — Сколько она спит? Уже 11 часов!
How long have they been dating? Will he propose to her or not? — Сколько они уже встречаются? Он сделает ей предложение или нет

Present Perfect Continuous и Present Perfect

Поговорим о разнице между Present Perfect Continuous и Present Perfect. Сравните примеры и правила в таблице ниже.

Present Perfect Continuous	Present Perfect
Акцент на продолжительности действия. Неважно, закончилось действие или нет. I have been cleaning the kitchen all morning. I am very tired. — Я убирала кухню все утро. Я очень устала. Mary is very studious. She has been doing homework all evening. — Мэри очень прилежная. Она делает домашнее задание весь вечер.	Акцент на результате действия. Действие выполнено. I have cleaned the kitchen. It is as good as new now. — Я убрала кухню. Теперь она как новенькая. She can go out because she has done her homework. — Она может идти гулять, потому что сделала домашнее задание.
Действие все еще продолжается или только что закончилось. Можно задать вопрос how long? (как долго?). I have been watching the last season of “Game of Thrones” since yesterday. — Я смотрю последний сезон «Игры престолов» со вчерашнего дня. They have been hitchhiking for seven years. — Они путешествуют автостопом уже семь лет.	Действие завершено. Можно задать вопросы how much? (сколько?), how many times? (сколько раз?), how often? (как часто?). I have watched the last episode of “Game of Thrones” three times. — Я посмотрел последнюю серию «Игры престолов» три раза. I have never hitchhiked in my life. — Я никогда в жизни не путешествовал автостопом

Существуют глаголы, которые не употребляются в длительной форме (Continuous). Так как эти глаголы описывают не само действие, а состояние объекта, они получили название stative verbs (глаголы состояния). Примеров таких глаголов немало. Чтобы их было легче запомнить, можно выделить следующие группы:

• эмоции, чувства: love (любить), hate (ненавидеть), want (хотеть), like (нравится);
• физическое восприятия: see (видеть), hear (слышать), seem (казаться);
• мыслительные процессы: know (знать), believe (полагать), remember (помнить);
• владение, обладание: have (иметь), own (владеть), belong (принадлежать);
• другие: be (быть), contain (содержать в себе), need (нуждаться) и т. д.

Если действие началось в прошлом, но еще не закончилось, с глаголами состояния обычно употребляем Present Perfect, а не Present Perfect Continuous.

How long have you owned this house? — Как давно ты владеешь этим домом?
I’ve known him since we were kids. — Я знаю его с детства

Некоторые из вышеупомянутых глаголов все же можно употреблять в Present Perfect Continuous, но их значения будут другие. Например: think (размышлять), see (встречаться, видеться), mean (намереваться, хотеть), have как часть выражения (to have a shower — принимать душ, to have breakfast — завтракать). Сравните:

She has been thinking about your offer all night long. — Она думала о твоем предложении всю ночь.
I have thought, until now, that you were an honest man. Now I see that you are a cheater. — До этого момента я думал, что ты честный человек. Теперь я вижу, что ты жулик.

I have been having strange dreams for about three weeks. — Мне снятся странные сны уже где-то три месяца.
I have had such a problem before. — У меня была такая проблема раньше.

We have been seeing each other since Christmas. We are in love. — Мы встречаемся с Рождества. Мы влюблены.
I have just seen Derek at the bar. — Я только что видела Дерека у бара.

В английском языке есть ряд глаголов, значения которых связаны с процессом. Их называют длительными (durable verbs): live (жить), work (работать), teach (обучать, преподавать), study (учить, изучать), feel (чувствовать) и другие. Эти глаголы можно употреблять как в Present Perfect Continuous, так и в Present Perfect, когда мы говорим о действиях, которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются в настоящем.

Aboriginals have been living here for thousands of years. / Aboriginals have lived here for thousands of years. — Аборигены живут здесь уже тысячи лет.
I have been feeling really depressed lately. / I have felt really depressed lately. — Я чувствую себя очень подавленно в последнее время.
She has been studying psychology for five years. / She has studied psychology for five years. — Она изучает психологию пять лет.

Задание по грамматике:

1. Поставьте глаголы из скобок в форму Present Perfect Continuous.

1. The vegetables … (boil) since 10 o’clock. (Овощи варятся с 10 часов.)
2. He … (wait) for her answer for six months. (Он ждет ее ответа в течение 6 месяцев.)
3. My sister … (send) job applications for 3 months. (Моя сестра рассылает заявления о приеме на работу в течение 3 месяцев.)
4. I … (try) to find my documents since last Sunday. (Я пытаюсь найти свои документы с прошлого воскресенья.)
5. They … (learn) Japanese for a couple of years. (Они изучают японский язык пару лет.)
6. Father … (drill) holes in the wall since noon. (Папа сверлит отверстия в стене с полудня.)
7. My brother … (play) computer games for 3 hours. (Мой брат играет на компьютере в течение 3 часов.)
8. I … (listen) to you very carefully. (Я слушаю тебя очень внимательно.)
9. He … (not take) his medicine for the last week. (Он не принимает лекарство в течение последней недели.)
10. We ... (save) the money for a holiday for a year. (Мы копим деньги на отпуск в течение года.)

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя одно их предлагаемых ниже действий в Present Perfect Continuous.

Н-р:   Why are you angry? (Почему ты рассержен?) – Because I’ve been waiting for a bus for a long time. (Потому что я долго жду автобус.)

- wait for a bus for a long time

- wash the floors

- decorate a Christmas tree

- use expensive creams for a couple of years

- peel the onions

- make a snowman in the garden

- play football on the grass

1. Why are you angry?
2. Why is she crying? (Почему она плачет?)
3. Boys, why are your shorts dirty and green? (Мальчики, почему ваши шорты грязные и зеленые?)
4. Why are you sweating? (Почему ты потеешь?)
5. Why are your hands so cold? (Почему у тебя такие холодные руки?)
6. Why are the children so excited? (Почему дети так взволнованы?)
7. Why does she look so young? (Почему она выглядит так молодо?)

 

3. Поставьте в предложения for или since.

1. Bob has been playing hockey … he was a small boy.
2. She’s been driving that car … five years.
3. We have been planning our vacation … last month.
4. He has been talking on the phone … 8 o’clock.
5. You have been telling the same anecdotes … many years.
6. I have been feeling ill … a couple of days.

 

 для I курса РИПК

Упражнение: Переведите на английский язык, употребляя

глаголы в форме Present Perfect.

1. Она уже проснулась.

2. Ты уже пообедал.

3. Мама еще не пришла домой.

4. Почему ты не сделал уроки?

5. Мы никогда не были в этом городе.

6. Ты когда-нибудь видел этот фильм?

7. Мой друг еще не вернулся с работы.

8. Дети уже позавтракали?

9. Отец только что пришел домой.

10. Почему ты еще не убрала в комнате?

11. Кто сломал мою ручку?

12. Почему она еще не поужинала?

13. Ученики уже прочитали этот текст?

14. Он никогда не говорил правду.

15. Мой брат только что пошел в школу.

ТЕКСТ

1. Прочитайте текст.

2. Переведите на русский язык.

3. Выучите слова, приведенные после текста.

4. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

5. Перескажите текст на английском языке. 

London 

London is the largest city in Western Europe. More than 7 million people live there. It lies on both banks of the Thames. 

Parts of London 

The City of London

London is traditionally divided into several parts: the City of London, which is the financial center of the United Kingdom, the West End, which is the area of museums, art galleries, largest department stores, cinemas, and hotels. West End and is associated with wealth and luxury; and the East End, which is the industrial part of London and is very important for the commerce.

The Tower of London 

Most of London sights, such as the Tower, the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Аbbеу, Trafalgar Square, and others are famous all over the world. The Tower of London was founded in the 11th century bу William the Conqueror. The Tower in the past was а fortress, а palace, and а prison. Though the kings were born, lived and were married there, it happened also that kings and queens were murdered in the Tower. It was said that whoever held the keys to the Tower, held the keys to the kingdom.

The Tower has several towers: the Jewel Tower, where the Royal precious jewels are kept, the White Tower, in which the Кings of England held their Court, and others. One of the towers is called the Bloody Tower, where the king Edward V and his brother were murdered. The Duke of York. Queen Anne Boleyn, the Princess (afterwards Queen) Elisabeth and many other people were in prison in the Tower. Now the Tower is а museum and the Crown jewels and other treasures are kept there. The Guard, known as ''Beefeaters" still keep watch. The Ceremony of the Keys that is centuries old takes place every night. Now the only inhabltants of the Tower are ravens. There is а legend that the Tower will fall if it loses its ravens. Therefore the Birds with clipped wings are carefully guarded. 

The Houses of Parliament

The Houses of Parliament are the most beautiful buildings not only in London, but in the whole Europe. The Houses of Parliament are also called the Palace of Westminster. The Queen enters the Palace of Westminster only on the day of the opening of Parliament at the beginning of the session. She wears а crown and many jewels when she makes her speech from the Throne in the House of Lords. А fire destroyed the old Houses of Parliament. The new Houses of Parliament were built in 1857. The famous 320 foot (97.5 meters) clock Tower is called "Вig Ben" after Sir Benjamin Hall underwhose direction the construction of the clock was conducted. 

St. Paul's Cathedral

It took the architect Christopher Wren 35 years to build the Cathedral. It is one of the most beautiful pieces of architecture in Europe. It has а huge dome with а golden ball on the top. The interior of the Cathedral is very beautiful too. 

The British Museum

There are many museums and art galleries in London. The British Museum is famous for its rich library (about 7 000 000 books). It is also the Museum of History, Archaeology, Art and Ethnography. The British Museum contains the most important collections in Britain. 

The Buckingham Palace 

The Buckingham Palace is the place where the Queen of England lives. 

Trafalgar Square 

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in the memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square. Opposite Trafalgar Square site the Nelson monument is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. They contain the finest art collections of the world.

Westminster Аbbеу

Westminster Аbbеу is the place where the coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place since the time of the Conquest. Many of them are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country. Westminster Аbbеу is famous for its architecture and history. There are the graves of some of the world's famous writers, poets and scientists: Chaucer, Charles Dickens, Tennyson, Thomas Hardy, Кipling and others are buried here. There in the Poet's Comer there are memorials to Shakespeare and Milton, Burns, Byron, Scott, Thackeray and Longfellow. Here is also the grave of the Unknown Soldier who was killed in the First World War.

Words: 

several ['sevr(а)1] - несколько

art gallery ['geleri] - картинная галерея

commerce - торговля; коммерция 

sights - достопримечательности 

fortress - крепость 

to murder - убивать 

whoever - кто бы ни 

Royal - королевский 

precious jewels - драгоценные камни 

Court - двор (короля) 

Bloody Tower - Кровавая башня 

Duke of York - герцог Йоркский 

prison - тюрьма 

beefeater- бифитер, служитель охраны лондонского Тауэра 

to keep watch - дежурить 

inhabltants - обитатели 

raven ['reivin] - ворон 

clipped wings - подрезанные крылья 

is called after - назван в честь 

construction - строительство 

to conduct - проводить 

grave - могила 

Conquest [ 'konkwest] - завоевание Англии норманнами (1066 г.) 

densely populated - плотно населенный 

Questions: 

1. What is the capital of Great Britain? 

2. What is London's population? 

3. On what river does London stand? 

4. Into what parts is London divided? 

5. Why is the City called the business centre of London? 

6. Who was buried in Westminster Аbbеу? 

7. What is the West End famous for? 

8. Why is the central square in London named Trafalgar Square? 

9. Who lives in the East End? 

  Для II-3 ПСО

Задание 1: 

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выучите слова. Ответьте на вопросы, приведенные после текста. Составьте пересказ, следуя по вопросам и перескажите на английском языке.  

Great Britain 

The official name of Great Britain is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain is an island country. It is situated on the British Isles in the northwest of Europe. The English Channel 18 miles wide separates it from France. Great Britain is separated from Belgium and Holland bу the North Sea, and from Ireland bу the lrish Sea. Parts of Great Britain The United KJngdom of Great Britain consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. England, Wales and Scotland occupy the territory of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of Ireland. The territory of the United Ringdom is about 244 000 (two hundred and forty-four thousand) square kilometres. The population is over 56 million. The capital is London. 

The surface of the United Kingdom varies greatly. The northem and the westem parts of the country are mountainous and are called the Highlands. All the rest is а vast plain that is called the Lowlands. The mountains are not very high. The rivers are not very long. The most important of them are the Severn and the Thames. There are many beautifullakes in the mountainous part of the country. No part of England lies more than one hundred miles from the sea. The coast line has а number of fine bays and excellent natural harbors. World famous ports include London, Liverpool, Bristol, Plymouth, Southampton, Portsmouth, Dover and others. 

Cllmate ln Great Brltaln 

The climate of Great Britain is mild the whole year round. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of Great Britain. Winters are not cold and summers are not hot. October is usually the wettest month, July- the hottest, and January- the coldest. British Economy Great Britain is а highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, chemicals and textile. One of the chief industries is shipbuilding. Great Britain is а country with old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous educational centres are Oxford and Cambridge universities. They are considered to bе the intellectual centres of Europe. The education is not free, it is very expensive. 

British Political System 

The United Kiingdom is а monarchy and the Queen is the head ofthe state. But in practice it is ruled bу the elected government with the Prime Мinister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour party, the Conservative party and the Liberal party.

Words:

to bе situated - быть расположенным 

British lsles [ 'ai1z] - Британские острова 

surface  - поверхность 

to vary - отличаться 

high - высокий 

low- низкий 

land - земля, страна 

plain - равнина 

vast [va:st] - огромный 

lake - озеро 

shipbuilding - кораблестроение 

climate - климат 

mild - мягкий 

industry - промышленность 

to occupy - занимать 

population - население 

density - плотность 

to develop - развивать 

to produce - производить 

to export - экспортировать 

chemical [ 'kemikal] - химический 

textile [ 'tekstail] - текстиль 

government - правительство 

chamber - палата 

ruling - правящий 

Questions: 

1. What is the official паmе of Great Britain? 

2. Where is it situated? 

3. What parts does it consist of? 

4. What is the territory and the population of Great Britain? 

5. What city is the capital of Great Britain? 

6. What is the surface of the country? 

7. Are there any blg rivers and lakes in Great Britain? 

8. What is the climate on the British Isles like? 

9. Is Great Britain а highly developed industrial country? 

10. What goods does the British industry produce?

11. What big industrial cities are there in Great Britain? 

12. What outstanding people of Great Britain do you know? 

13. Аге there any big educational establishments in Great Britain? 

14. Is Great Britain is а constitutional monarchy?

15. What is the name of the Queen of Great Britain? 

16. How many chambers does the British Parliament consist of? What are they? 

17. What are the main political parties in Great Britain?

Задание 2. Грамматика:

Измените время глаголов на форму Present Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She is watering the flowers.

2. He is taking his examination.

3. Beth is opening the window.

4. I am dusting the furniture.

5. John is washing his car.

6. The teacher is explaining the rule.

7. Mary is reading a letter.

8. We are having dinner.

9. I am cleaning my teeth.

10. Jane is translating the article.

11. Little Frank is breaking his toy.

12. He is having breakfast.

13. Nick is drawing a picture.

14. My daughter is having lunch.

15. He is putting on his coat.

  Для студентов 1-2 ПСО

Задание:

1. Прочитать, перевести текст.

2. Выучить слова к тексту.

3. Ответить устно на вопросы и пересказать текст  на английском языке.

London 

London is the largest city in Western Europe. More than 7 million people live there. It lies on both banks of the Thames. 

Parts of London

The City of London London is traditionally divided into several parts: the City of London, which is the financial center of the United Kingdom, the West End, which is the area of museums, art galleries, largest department stores, cinemas, and hotels. West End and is associated with wealth and luxury; and the East End, which is the industrial part of London and is very important for the commerce. 

The Tower of London 

Most of London sights, such as the Tower, the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Аbbеу, Trafalgar Square, and others are famous all over the world. The Tower of London was founded in the 11th century bу William the Conqueror. The Tower in the past was а fortress, а palace, and а prison. Though the kings were born, lived and were married there, it happened also that kings and queens were murdered in the Tower. It was said that whoever held the keys to the Tower, held the keys to the kingdom. 

The Tower has several towers: the Jewel Tower, where the Royal precious jewels are kept, the White Tower, in which the Кings of England held their Court, and others. One of the towers is called the Bloody Tower, where the king Edward V and his brother were murdered. The Duke of York. Queen Anne Boleyn, the Princess (afterwards Queen) Elisabeth and many other people were in prison in the Tower. Now the Tower is а museum and the Crown jewels and other treasures are kept there. The Guard, known as ''beefeaters" still keep watch. The Ceremony of the Keys that is centuries old takes place every night. Now the only inhabltants of the Tower are ravens. There is а legend that the Tower will fall if it loses its ravens. Therefore the birds with clipped wings are carefully guarded. 

The Houses of Parliament 

The Houses of Parliament are the most beautiful buildings not only in London, but in the whole Europe. The Houses of Parliament are also called the Palace of Westminster. The Queen enters the Palace of Westminster only on the day of the opening of Parliament at the beginning of the session. She wears а crown and many jewels when she makes her speech from the Throne in the House of Lords.

А fire destroyed the old Houses of Parliament. The new Houses of Parliament were built in 1857. The famous 320 foot (97.5 meters) clock Tower is called "Вig Ben" after Sir Benjamin Hall under whose direction the construction of the clock was conducted.

St. Paul's Cathedral 

It took the architect Christopher Wren 35 years to build the Cathedral. It is one of the most beautiful pieces of architecture in Europe. It has а huge dome with а golden ball on the top. The interior of the Cathedral is very beautiful too. 

The British Museum  

There are many museums and art galleries in London. The  British Museum is famous for its rich  library (about 7 000 000 books). It is also the Museum of History, Archaeology, Art and Ethnography. The British Museum contains the most important collections in Britain. 

The Buckingham Palace

The Buckingham Palace is the place where the Queen of England lives.

Trafalgar Square

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in the memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square. Opposite the Nelson monument is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. They contain the finest art collections of the world.

Westminster Аbbеу

Westminster Аbbеу is the place where the coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place since the time of the Conquest. Many of them are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country. Westminster Аbbеу is famous for its architecture and history. There are the graves of some of the world's famous writers, poets and scientists: Chaucer, Charles Dickens, Tennyson, Thomas Hardy, Кipling and others are buried here. There in the Poet's Comer there are memorials to Shakespeare and Milton, Burns, Byron, Scott, Thackeray and Longfellow. Here is also the grave of the Unknown Soldier who was killed in the First World War.

Words: 

several [ 'sevr(а)1] - несколько

art gallery  - картинная галерея

commerce - торговля; коммерция 

sights - достопримечательности 

fortress - крепость 

to murder - убивать 

whoever - кто бы ни 

Royal - королевский 

precious jewels - драгоценные камни 

Court - двор (короля) 

Bloody Tower  - Кровавая башня 

Duke of York - герцог Йоркекий 

prison - тюрьма 

beefeater- бифитер, служитель охраны лондонского Тауэра 

to keep watch - дежурить 

inhabltants - обитатели 

raven [ 'reivin] - ворон 

clipped wings - подрезанные крылья 

is called after - назван в честь 

construction - строительство 

to conduct - проводить 

grave - могила 

Conquest ['konkest] - завоевание Англии норманнами (1066 г.) 

densely populated - плотно населенный 

Questions: 

1. What is the capital of Great Britain? 

2. What is London's population? 

3. On what river does London stand? 

4. Into what parts is London divided? 

5. Why is the City called the business centre of London? 

б. Who was buried in Westminster АЬЬеу? 

7. What is the West End famous for? 

8. Why is the central square in London named Trafalgar Square? 

9. Who lives in the East End?